EXHIBITORS 2025

Oryx

Oryx, the Nature Lover’s store, shares your passion for the natural world. For almost 30 years, we have been your go-to bookstore and equipment shop, offering a catalog of over 15,000 books, a wide selection of optics, field gear, and products designed to help you connect with nature from home or in the garden. Now, we also bring you closer to nature than ever before through our ORYX magazine. During the DBF, you’ll be able to browse the most relevant books on ornithology and test the best field equipment in situ at the Ebro Delta Natural Park, from our marquees and stands. And as a festival visitor, you can enjoy exclusive special offers.

Catalunya La Pedrera Foundation

The Catalunya La Pedrera Foundation is a private and independent foundation that strives to improve people's quality of life. We are passionate about building a better future.

Photo Logistics

Photo logistics is a company that offers you a wide range of nature observation and photography activities. Photographic hides, wildlife observation and photography safaris, specialization workshops, trips to the most attractive destinations for nature photography. And advice to entities, administrations or individuals who want to promote the activity of observation and photography.

ICO

The Catalan Institute of Ornithology (ICO) is an association dedicated to the study and monitoring of birds and their habitats with the aim of obtaining solid and impartial information that contributes significantly to biodiversity conservation policies.

Swarovksi Optik – Esteller

Swarovski Optik is an Austrian brand internationally renowned for the excellence of its high-precision optical equipment for nature observation. Its binoculars and spotting scopes are a benchmark in the world of ornithology, offering exceptional image quality, outstanding color fidelity, and an ergonomic design made for long days of birdwatching. With a strong commitment to sustainability and innovation, Swarovski Optik has established itself as one of the most highly regarded brands among bird lovers worldwide.

Hikmicro El Caldén Nature

At Caldén Nature we accompany you during your passionate days in nature. We are exclusive distributors of brands such as Hikmicro, Delta Optical, Olight, Shilba, Dunlop, Walkstool, Nordic Pocket Saw, Marsupio or Swedteam among other brands and although we are a young company, we have been accompanying all outdoor enthusiasts for two decades.

DOF BIRDLIFE OPTICS

DOF-BIRDLIFE OPTICS is a brand of binoculars and telescopes that belongs to the Danish Ornithological Society (DOF-BirdLife). DOF has a specialized ornithology and nature store in Copenhagen, Naturbutikken, through which they provide binoculars and telescopes to most Danish birdwatchers, paying special attention to those who are new to the hobby. With their own brand of binoculars, they can offer an excellent quality/price ratio across a wide range of models. DOF-BIRDLIFE OPTICS directs all its profits toward bird conservation through DOF-BirdLife, so choosing this brand also means supporting projects and initiatives in favor of birds.

ZEISS

The German company Carl Zeiss is a global leader in the field of optics, serving medical technology, scientific research, industrial solutions, and consumer optics. For over 175 years, ZEISS has been developing premium optical products known for their outstanding clarity, technical innovation, and exceptional ergonomics. ZEISS binoculars and spotting scopes deliver breathtaking views of nature, with vibrant, high-contrast images that elevate birdwatching and wildlife observation to truly immersive experiences. Whether you're tracking rare bird species or exploring natural habitats, ZEISS optics offer the precision and brilliance that professionals and passionate nature enthusiasts rely on. As part of its deep commitment to sustainability, ZEISS integrates environmentally responsible practices across its operations—from reducing CO₂ emissions and water usage to promoting circular resource use and green logistics. The company also supports global conservation efforts and educational initiatives, helping protect the ecosystems that birdwatchers and nature lovers cherish most.

LEICA

Leading brand in the manufacture of optics for nature observation. At this edition of the Delta Birding Festival, we present the new range of Leica Televid spotting scopes: APO and HD 82 and 65mm. Come try them out and enjoy the most complete collection of binoculars and spotting scopes on the market.

SIGMA – REFLECTA

Since 1975, we have worked with some of the leading companies in the photography and video industry.

Sony

Our vision is to empower you to capture every moment, detail, and emotion of nature with revolutionary speed, precision, and image quality. With our cameras and lenses—designed for the action and detail demanded by bird photography—we provide the technology to bring your passion for wildlife to life like never before.

ORYX CAMOUFLAGE AND HIDES

Leading British optics brand with a clear naturalist focus, offering solutions for every observer’s needs: from children’s or entry-level binoculars to high-performance optics, always at very competitive prices. Its extensive catalog, designed for all audiences, includes monoculars, binoculars, spotting scopes, field magnifiers, and stabilized binoculars, as well as an interesting range of accessories such as digiscoping adapters and special tripods for hides.

Vanguard

Vanguard is a global brand with over 30 years of experience in designing and manufacturing optics and accessories for photography, video, and observation. Committed to innovation, we offer high-quality products at affordable prices for photographers and nature and outdoor enthusiasts.

KOWA – DUGOPA

Observation Optics Exhibition. Brands: KOWA, AGM, and DAIWA (tripods)

tx-lab

Tx-lab: technology for imaging with a sustainable soul.
At Tx-lab, we specialize in supplying equipment for photography and video production.
We have always been connected to nature, and we believe that sustainability begins with how you choose your tools.
That’s why we work with brands that care for the environment, with responsible manufacturing processes —preferably in Europe— or that pay attention to every detail in the production of their equipment.
Visit our stand and discover: the most precise tripods and accessories on the market, advanced solutions for macro photography, and the new LUMIX L-series cameras, ready for any adventure.

Opticron

British optical brand of reference, with a clear naturalist vocation, offering solutions for all types of observers: from children’s or entry-level binoculars to high-performance optics, always at very competitive prices. Its wide catalog, designed for all audiences, includes monoculars, binoculars, spotting scopes, field magnifiers, and stabilized binoculars, as well as an interesting range of accessories, such as digiscoping adapters and special tripods for hides.

Delta Optical El Caldén Nature

At Caldén Nature we accompany you during your passionate days in nature. We are exclusive distributors of brands such as Hikmicro, Delta Optical, Olight, Shilba, Dunlop, Walkstool, Nordic Pocket Saw, Marsupio or Swedteam among other brands and although we are a young company, we have been accompanying all outdoor enthusiasts for two decades.

Wildlife Acoustics

Wildlife Acoustics is a leading company in bioacoustic monitoring technology for biologists, researchers, and public organizations around the world. Its catalog includes devices capable of capturing both audible sounds and ultrasounds, with models of both passive and active recorders. The main goal of Wildlife Acoustics is to provide scientists with the best tools to support them in their research. At the DBF, you will find a booth showcasing all their products, along with specialized staff who will inform and advise you about the available catalog and its applications.

OM SYSTEM

At OM SYSTEM, we are leading providers of digital imaging and audio solutions known for our precision optics and innovative technologies. Our core values and advantages can be summed up in three concepts: lightweight and portable equipment, stabilization, and professional performance. We offer a system designed for outdoor photography.

Nikon

Nikon is a world-leading provider of photography products and services. Its innovative optical technology, whether consumer cameras, professional cameras, lenses, accessories or sports and leisure optics, is based on more than 100 years of experience.

HAMA TECHNICS

Al nostre estand podrà descobrir solucions per disposar d’energia sostenible i autònoma en qualsevol escenari amb els nostres powerbanks d’alt rendiment aprofitem l’energia solar amb eficients panells de darrera generació emmagatzematges digitals de gran capacitat i transmissió ràpida de dades accessoris i gadgets per al transport i la cura del seu equip l’esperem amb il·lusió.

LEOFOTO & PGYTECH- FOTIMA IMPORT

We are Fotima Import, official distributors of PGYTECH and LEOFOTO in Spain, Andorra, and Portugal. At our stand, you’ll find Leofoto tripods, ball heads, and accessories such as camera cages, magic arms, and quick-release plates—ideal for professional photography and video. Discover the PGYTECH range as well: technical backpacks, accessories for action cameras, drones, smartphones, and versatile straps for all kinds of use.

Fujifilm

FUJIFILM brings cutting-edge solutions to a wide range of global industries by leveraging its knowledge and proprietary technologies developed in its relentless pursuit of innovation. Its proprietary technologies contribute to various fields, such as healthcare, graphics systems, functional materials, optical devices, digital cameras, and document printing.

Servei d’Educació Ambiental i Centres de Fauna Salvatge

At the stand, visitors will find brochures and materials prepared by the Environmental Education Service, highlighting various projects carried out by the Directorate-General for Environmental Policies and Natural Heritage. In addition, representatives from the different organizations that manage volunteer work at the Wildlife Rescue Centers of the Government of Catalonia will be present to share information about the tasks they perform and the results achieved in terms of admissions and the recovery of protected and endangered species.

OTUS Wildlife Tours

At Otus Wildlife Tours, we organize trips, excursions, and workshops to observe and photograph wildlife, both in Catalonia and in other parts of the world. We work with small groups and specialized guides to ensure a close, personalized, and nature-respectful experience.

CV ACTIVA – ASOCIACION DE GUÍAS DE BIRDING

The Valencian Community Active Association (CV ACTIVA) is an association of active tourism companies in the Valencian Community. It is a non-profit organization that works to promote active tourism and the range of activities offered by its members, including the Birding Guides Association of the Valencian Community. CV ACTIVA exclusively promotes officially registered active tourism companies, as these are the ones that can offer quality and safe services to tourists and visitors in the Valencian Community. At the Birding Guides Association, we aim to offer visitors experiences in the region’s main natural areas for birdwatching. As birdwatching tourism guides, our main role is to educate people about birds and their habitats, while helping to protect species and preserve biodiversity in the Valencian Community. For its part, CV ACTIVA collaborates with Turisme Comunitat Valenciana in the promotion and marketing of Active Tourism and Ecotourism products, including birdwatching. In addition, it carries out training for active tourism companies and their staff through the CdT (Tourism Development Centers) network in the Valencian Community, combats illegal practices in the sector, and acts as a liaison with public administrations to address the challenges faced by active tourism and ecotourism companies in their daily operations.

BIRDEO

BIRDEO is a cooperation project aimed at creating experiences focused on observing nature and rural culture in the territories crossed by the 40th parallel (Valencian Community, Community of Madrid, Castilla-La Mancha, southern Castilla y León, and Extremadura). The project involves local communities in the development of these tourism experiences to ensure sustainable development.
We aim to become a benchmark in the creation of tourism experiences that integrate nature observation and rural culture. We strive to offer innovative proposals, promote longer stays, and foster sustainability by connecting territories and local communities.
Our goal is to consolidate a model of responsible tourism that contributes to the development and conservation of natural and cultural heritage. To this end, we offer, through our platform, transformative experiences that generate a positive impact on travelers, rural communities, and the environment.
We seek to inspire tourists to discover and value Spain’s natural and cultural heritage. We want each visit to become an opportunity to generate a positive impact and revitalize the socioeconomic fabric of rural areas.

Pregunta-li a ChatGPT

Rewilding Spain

The Fundación Española de Renaturalización–Rewilding Spain is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting nature recovery and socio-economic development in rural Spain. As part of the network led by Rewilding Europe, it develops the renaturalization initiative Sistema Ibérico Sur, a pioneering long-term action program covering 850,000 hectares across the provinces of Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Teruel. In addition, it offers support for the renaturalization of both public and private lands throughout the country.

TURISMO DE EXTREMADURA

Extremadura is a paradise for birds and nature observers. Whether in the countryside or in urban centers, Extremadura is considered one of the best destinations in Europe for bird watching. And not only in spring but throughout the year, a feature that differentiates it from other places. There is no shortage of arguments for this: 74.1% of Extremadura's territory is included in the inventory of Important Bird Areas, an exceptional situation in Spain and Europe. An impressive 369 sedentary, summer and wintering species have been recorded. There are more than 50 protected areas, including Monfragüe, Tajo Internacional and the Sierra de San Pedro, key refuges for the conservation of some of the most endangered species on the continent, such as the Iberian imperial eagle, the black stork, the Egyptian vulture and the black vulture
And there are more than 70 Special Protection Areas for Birds (SPA), of which 23 are located in urban environments such as Cáceres, Trujillo, Plasencia, the Badajoz weir, Almendralejo, Zafra and Jerez de los Caballeros. With these natural resources, Extremadura has specialized in receiving and serving a type of national and international tourist who is interested in birds, insects and botany, without neglecting aspects such as culture, historical heritage and gastronomy during their visit. Accommodations, professional guides, activity companies, travel agencies, interpretation centers and tourist offices from across the region have come together in the Birding in Extremadura Club, a pioneering initiative in Spain and an example of public-private collaboration that works to promote the ornithological tourism and offer quality customer service. If you like nature, in Extremadura you will feel in paradise.

LYNX NATURE BOOKS

Reserva Natural de Sebes

The Sebes Nature Reserve is an emblematic area in the Ebro Lands, featuring wetlands, riverside forests, and fluvial zones. A haven of great biodiversity and renowned for birdwatching, this reserve offers accessible trails and observation points to enjoy nature and wildlife in a unique setting.

GARDEN BIRDS DISTRIBUCIONS

Exhibition and sale of nest boxes, feeders, food, and other accessories to enjoy watching wild birds in our garden, yard, or terrace.

SEO/BirdLife

SEO/BirdLife is the pioneering organization in nature and biodiversity conservation in Spain. Together with BirdLife International, we are present in 121 countries where, thanks to the support of over ten million people, and with birds as our banner, we work for a world rich in biodiversity where humans and nature coexist in harmony.

Birding Aragón

Nature Tourism and Ornithology in Aragon. Discover emblematic routes and birds with our guides, the best places to stay, the richness of our fauna and flora… Live unique experiences and discover the more than 300 species that inhabit or cross our territory

GEPEC-EdC

GEPEC-EdC (Study and Protection Group of Catalan Ecosystems–Ecologists of Catalonia) is an environmental organization based in southern Catalonia that addresses global issues through local action. It works to stop activities that harm the environment while promoting awareness and education about natural heritage. The organization carries out restoration projects, habitat improvement and species recovery efforts, land stewardship agreements, environmental education programs, and offers an activity calendar open to everyone.

Fundación Victoria Laporta

We are a Valencian foundation dedicated to Nature Conservation and land stewardship. We manage a 650-hectare forest reserve in the Serra de Mariola Natural Park, in the south of the province of Valencia. A key part of our ecosystem management and restoration model is regulated public use, including training for environmental professionals and environmental education, as well as nature photography. We offer open activities to explore the nature of the Mediterranean forest and its species and ecological interactions. We study the impact of climate change on our ecosystems and organize workshops, nature photography gatherings, and offer up to 10 hides for various bird and mammal species—sustainable and conservation-oriented towards the target species. In this edition, we will share a stand with AEFONA.org, the Spanish Association of Nature Photographers, with whom we share a strong ethical approach to this activity.

Essencia del Delta

Som sis dones pageses que vivim i treballem al cor del Delta de l’Ebre. Fa generacions que la nostra família es dedica al conreu de l’arròs, seguint els passos de mares i iaies que van lliurar la seva vida a la terra. Un dia ens vam ajuntar i, entre rialles i confidències, vam sentir la necessitat de donar visibilitat a la nostra feina i de retre homenatge a totes les dones que ens han precedit. Així va néixer Dones Arrosseres del Delta de l’Ebre SCCL, la nostra cooperativa. Amb aquest projecte volem ser un referent per a les generacions futures i, alhora, defensar el nostre Delta: una terra preciosa però fràgil, que cada vegada pateix més amenaces. Conreem el nostre arròs al Parc Natural del Delta de l’Ebre, dins d’una Reserva de la Biosfera, en uns camps que hem cuidat i estimat des de fa més d’un segle. Per a nosaltres, tenir aquest arròs a les mans és molt més que un aliment: és donar veu al Delta, és expressar l’amor per la terra i el compromís de protegir-la. Ho fem per les que hi van ser, per les que hi som i per les que vindran.

Mamaland Safaris

Discover Uganda with Mamaland Safaris, a true birding paradise with over 1,000 species! Spot the prehistoric-looking Shoebill Stork, vibrant Great Blue Turaco, and many more. We offer tailor-made tours for all levels—hardcore birders, listers, photographers, or beginners. Travel hassle-free with expert guides and warm, friendly service throughout your journey.

HERÈNCIA ALTÉS

Organic wines born from love for the land and a commitment to protect it. Herència Altés is a family-owned winery in Terra Alta dedicated to cultivating vineyards and producing fresh, elegant wines. We are committed to organic farming and a way of working that is sustainable and respectful of the environment, promoting rich biodiversity—which in turn helps strengthen our soils and our surroundings. Caring for our natural and historical heritage—preserving old vines and traditional dry-stone walls—allows us to continue cultivating and crafting wines so that future generations can keep enjoying the land and its fruits. We work with native grape varieties, placing special emphasis on the Garnachas and highlighting White Grenache, the flagship of our region. Our wines are made as naturally and respectfully as possible, always striving for maximum varietal honesty and elegance. When you taste our wines, they transport you to a place—Terra Alta; a character—our terroir; and a way of doing things—Herència Altés.

Diputación de Ávila

The Tourism Service of the Provincial Council of Ávila aims to promote and publicize the tourism resources and products of the province of Ávila. Its work strategy is based on three fundamental and cross-cutting pillars: Nature, Wine and Gastronomy, and Culture. These serve as the roadmap to achieve responsible and sustainable tourism in its threefold dimension: environmental, social, and economic. Among its projects, special mention should be made of the promotion of birdwatching tourism as a top-level tourist attraction through various initiatives carried out in the five regions that make up the province. This initiative highlights the importance of this type of tourism as a model of ecotourism that generates resources within the territory.

Namaterra Travel

We are a Costa Rican company that, for over 10 years, has been dedicated to offering nature and birdwatching trips full of knowledge and adventure, both within and outside Costa Rica. We visit destinations of extraordinary beauty, providing quality service and personalized attention. That’s why our tours are limited to a maximum of 14 people, allowing us to efficiently share our knowledge. We work with biologists specialized in ornithology as well as naturalist guides certified by the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT), who have extensive knowledge of the natural history of birds and the country’s overall biodiversity. Thanks to this, we are able to raise awareness about the challenges we must face as humans in the face of climate change, while discovering the wonders our country has to offer. We also offer personalized tourism with tailor-made trips for those who wish to explore Costa Rica at a more relaxed pace and on their own schedule.

Asociación Biomas

We will showcase some photographs from our travels and projects in the different countries where we work, as well as information about the main courses and expeditions we offer.

SALINES DE LA TRINITAT – INFOSA

The Salines Marines Foundation manages the Salines de la Trinitat, a space where the colony of flamingos, Audouin's gulls, Sandwitch terns and a long list of ornithological treasures of Catalonia and Spain are located.
In addition, it is one of the main stopover and inn areas for many migrating aquatic birds in Catalonia.

Nacho Sevilla Papel y Plumas

Scientific and nature illustrator. Original watercolours and prints, as well as personalized products (mugs, magnets, etc.). Introductory courses on nature illustration and field journals. Posters, signage, and scientific and educational infographics. Commissioned work.

Loubé

Using environmental psychology as a framework, this stall offers scientific illustrations and infographics in various formats: from stickers to T-shirts, as well as pendants, postcards, patches, and murals—though I don’t carry murals with me because they don’t fit in the van. But feel free to ask me about them too!

Paco Ventura Wildlife Sculpture

I’m Paco Ventura. My work consists of creating highly realistic animal sculptures. I’ve been passionate about wildlife since I was a child, and I still am. I’ve been fortunate enough to combine my two passions—art and nature—in my work.

MARIA PINTA – YERBAJO

Naturalist illustrator and graphic designer, dedicated to educational projects for environmental conservation. At the stand, you can find illustrations as well as clothing featuring exclusive designs of Iberian wildlife.

Balena by Eva Carret

Art at the forefront of the fight for biodiversity. Balena was born from the need to bring the fascination for the wild world around us to every corner. Scientific illustrator Eva Carret aims to bring you closer, through her illustrations, to the species that inhabit the ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula. Now your tote bag, T-shirts, and stickers can become powerful tools in the fight for conservation, carrying your love for nature and the flora and fauna that inhabit it to every corner of the world.

EmmaReixach_art

From my passion for nature and birdwatching come my illustrations. I connect with creativity through calmness; birds awaken in me a curiosity for observation, a passion for small details, and the opportunity to connect with people who share these same values. At the Delta Birding Festival, I will have a true illustrated bird observatory, featuring high-quality giclée prints and products with birds as the main focus. A space for those who love nature, art, and ornithology. Your visit will be a gift, and there will be a gift for every visit! 😊

Noelismo

Noelismo is the nest that shelters the creations of Noelia Castro — an illustrator and graphic designer who blends naturalist work with dreamlike worlds where birds take center stage. A delicate style for nature lovers of all ages, from grown-ups to little ones.

Blauet Studio

Blauet Studio is a project where we merge art and science to spread the word about the importance of the nature that surrounds us.
We believe that scientific and naturalistic illustration is the best way to raise public awareness and spread the word about the value of our ecosystems.
We awaken environmental awareness with color and creativity.

Ainhoa Lekuona

Anne Zamo

Anne Zamo seeks to share the beauty and daily wonders surrounding us and that we do not always know how to look at, to make us dream by being inspired by nature, or emotions that she feels: butterflies, insects, flowers, animals, are all subjects that she sublimates to transmit her wonderment.
As in old master technique painting, she uses beautiful materials, stretches her canvases, makes her own mediums and uses high quality extra fine pigments oil paint. His graphite drawings are also marked with extreme finesse and precision.

L’emplomallada

I'm Judith, an environmental biologist passionate about wildlife and nature conservation. I created L'emplomallada, a brand that offers educational products related to wildlife. My intention is to promote environmental awareness and wildlife protection through t-shirts, tote bags, flip books and stuffed animals, teaching the importance of wildlife and conservation.

Sant Jaume d’Enveja City Council

Sant Jaume d'Enveja is a town located in the Delta de l'Ebre, in the region of Montsià, surrounded by rice paddies and canals. Its natural wealth is highlighted by the Delta Natural Park, with a great biodiversity of birds and aquatic landscapes. The village preserves agricultural and fishing traditions, with a strong link to the Ebro River, and an ideal environment for ecological tourism and outdoor activities. At this year’s Delta Birding Festival, you have the opportunity to enjoy these wetlands through the Sunday afternoon activity on one of the outings. Within its municipal boundaries lies Buda Island, one of the largest river islands in Catalonia, a site of great ecological value that forms part of the Delta’s protected ecosystems and is home to numerous species of waterbirds.

Ebre Delta Natural Park

The Ebro Delta constitutes the largest aquatic habitat in Catalonia. The uniqueness of the Delta is reflected in its physical, geographical and natural reality, as well as in its distinctive traditions, culture, gastronomy, and architectural and historical heritage.

Els Ports Natural Park

The Ports Massif, located between Catalonia, Valencia and Aragon, is a limestone massif with steep, rugged relief that has been shaped by human presence since prehistoric times. The Ports Natural Park, declared in 2001, covers 35,050 hectares of the Catalan part of these mountains. Despite significant human influence, today it appears as a wild natural area teeming with wildlife.

Amposta tourism

Amposta Tourist Information and Promotion Office.

L’Ampolla Town Council

L’AMPOLLA, A BIRDING DESTINATION Birdwatching routes can be one of the most peaceful outdoor activities to enjoy, but on the other hand, it can also become quite an obsession for those who search for rarities, traveling long distances to spot different species and add them to their personal lists (worldwide, national, regional, local…). If you’re passionate about birdwatching, in l’Ampolla you can enjoy several birding routes, either on foot or by bike, where you’ll be able to spot a great variety of species. BASSA DE LES OLLES Here you’ll find breeding birds, such as the purple heron, and birds associated with reedbeds, like the great reed warbler. On the water surface, we can observe different species, including ducks and flamingos, as well as the western marsh harrier during the winter.THE CLIFFS DRESSED IN COLOURS – GR92 This route takes you to a particularly interesting place to enjoy birdwatching during winter and during the pre-nuptial and post-nuptial migrations, where small passerines can be highlighted during migratory periods.THE OLIVE GROVES AND NATURAL PONDS Along this route you can wander through some truly surprising inland spots of l’Ampolla, where you can enjoy birdwatching at any time of the year. +Info www.ampollaturisme.com

Turisme Terres de l’Ebre

Birds are part of the Terres de l'Ebre landscape, a destination recognized as a Biosphere Reserve and one of the 100 best sustainable tourist destinations in the World. The beauty of a sunset with the stylized shadow of a group of flamingos in some lagoon of the Ebro Delta is worthy of the most demanding goals. And it is that, apart from being one of the most beautiful landscapes in southern Europe, Terres de l'Ebre have become an international ornithological reference in the southern Mediterranean. Birdwatching is gaining more and more weight in Terres de l'Ebre, a territory where some itineraries have already been defined that allow you to capture the birdlife that live around the Ebre River, its Delta and also to other protected natural mountain areas.